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	<title>Comments on: Shakespeare, Interrupted</title>
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	<description>books, essays, columns, reviews, and multimedia clips of famed skeptic Michael Shermer</description>
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		<title>By: Carlos Chavez</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-4762</link>
		<dc:creator>Carlos Chavez</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 05:33:22 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>The problem with the author is that he tries (too hard) to multi-task into many areas of knowledge and pick excerpts from wikipedia-like sources to substantiate with unorthodox methods evidence that is poor. This is a very eclectic area that needs a true scholar for such an assumption.   
Carlos Chavez, CA</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The problem with the author is that he tries (too hard) to multi-task into many areas of knowledge and pick excerpts from wikipedia-like sources to substantiate with unorthodox methods evidence that is poor. This is a very eclectic area that needs a true scholar for such an assumption.<br />
Carlos Chavez, CA</p>
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		<title>By: alex abular</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-4473</link>
		<dc:creator>alex abular</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2010 03:25:14 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>The entire Old Testament contains 5,642 words. The average 16th century artisan is said to have a vocabulary of 300 to 400 words. Today&#039;s university graduates average about 3,000 to 4,000 words. Christopher Marlowe, John Milton considered geniuses used extraordinary 8,000 words. William Shakespeare used 21,000!!??</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The entire Old Testament contains 5,642 words. The average 16th century artisan is said to have a vocabulary of 300 to 400 words. Today&#8217;s university graduates average about 3,000 to 4,000 words. Christopher Marlowe, John Milton considered geniuses used extraordinary 8,000 words. William Shakespeare used 21,000!!??</p>
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		<title>By: cornelia</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-4265</link>
		<dc:creator>cornelia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Sep 2010 13:51:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-4265</guid>
		<description>If we read the play with our eyes wide open, we can interpret many lines as messages from the author.For ex: &quot;The love I bear toward you&quot;.We know that de Vere signed one of his poems as &quot;Love&quot;, short for Lord Oxford Vere. Now read it like this:&quot;The Lord Oxford Vere, I, Bear, to ward you&quot;. We know that de Vere became a ward of Court to Lord Leicester, whose symbol was a bear.
I can give you many examples of coded messages, if you like.
Good luck and let me know if you find any, I am sure, you all, will!!!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If we read the play with our eyes wide open, we can interpret many lines as messages from the author.For ex: &#8220;The love I bear toward you&#8221;.We know that de Vere signed one of his poems as &#8220;Love&#8221;, short for Lord Oxford Vere. Now read it like this:&#8221;The Lord Oxford Vere, I, Bear, to ward you&#8221;. We know that de Vere became a ward of Court to Lord Leicester, whose symbol was a bear.<br />
I can give you many examples of coded messages, if you like.<br />
Good luck and let me know if you find any, I am sure, you all, will!!!</p>
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		<title>By: William Ray</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3767</link>
		<dc:creator>William Ray</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2009 07:05:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3767</guid>
		<description>Agreed, if I understand your syntax.  Nobody has shown that Shakspere of Stratford wrote anything, much less the Shakespeare canon.  The burden of proof is on the assertion that he did.  No one can claim authorship based on repetitions of that assertion.  But modern Shakespearean scholarship in support of it amounts to little more than imaginative repetition and speculation.

To prove Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford, wrote the Shakespeare canon, first study his life for parallels with the plays; his itinerary in Europe over a lifetime for his locations of plays; the progression of his early plays at court into the later re-named plots and plays shown to the public in the 1590&#039;s; and the thousands of expressions in his extant writing that re-appear in the pages and poems of &quot;Shake-Speare&quot;, a nick-name which was associated with Oxford from at least 1579.

In one form or another, all remarks in favor of Oxford in this blog dealt with those categories, however briefly.  The remarks in favor of Shakspere (or those thinking &quot;Shakespeare&quot; was an actual individual who wrote plays and poems) presented the minimum in fact and the maximum in defensive skills.

It was a good drill, and I continue to feel &quot;the truth should live from age to age, As &#039;twere retailed to all posterity, Even to the general all-ending day.&quot;  It will live on with a little luck and perseverance.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Agreed, if I understand your syntax.  Nobody has shown that Shakspere of Stratford wrote anything, much less the Shakespeare canon.  The burden of proof is on the assertion that he did.  No one can claim authorship based on repetitions of that assertion.  But modern Shakespearean scholarship in support of it amounts to little more than imaginative repetition and speculation.</p>
<p>To prove Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford, wrote the Shakespeare canon, first study his life for parallels with the plays; his itinerary in Europe over a lifetime for his locations of plays; the progression of his early plays at court into the later re-named plots and plays shown to the public in the 1590&#8242;s; and the thousands of expressions in his extant writing that re-appear in the pages and poems of &#8220;Shake-Speare&#8221;, a nick-name which was associated with Oxford from at least 1579.</p>
<p>In one form or another, all remarks in favor of Oxford in this blog dealt with those categories, however briefly.  The remarks in favor of Shakspere (or those thinking &#8220;Shakespeare&#8221; was an actual individual who wrote plays and poems) presented the minimum in fact and the maximum in defensive skills.</p>
<p>It was a good drill, and I continue to feel &#8220;the truth should live from age to age, As &#8217;twere retailed to all posterity, Even to the general all-ending day.&#8221;  It will live on with a little luck and perseverance.</p>
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		<title>By: ron waite</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3763</link>
		<dc:creator>ron waite</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:50:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3763</guid>
		<description>Back up about 4 inches, and repeated, was that the claim was shakespeare wrote the plays and so you have to prove that claim.  Unless I am mistaken, the claim from all above is that shakespeare did not write the plays.  This then should be the claim that has to be proven.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Back up about 4 inches, and repeated, was that the claim was shakespeare wrote the plays and so you have to prove that claim.  Unless I am mistaken, the claim from all above is that shakespeare did not write the plays.  This then should be the claim that has to be proven.</p>
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		<title>By: William Ray</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3755</link>
		<dc:creator>William Ray</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2009 19:55:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3755</guid>
		<description>In reply to the previous statement, you are simply engaging the contradictions inherent in the apparent honoring of a person whose life and effects gave no evidence of writing anything and whose death went unremarked.  Quite a post facto background had to be manufactured to prop up a name.  All the writers were friends of Jonson. 

Basse&#039;s poem was published before the First Folio introduction, so as to allow Jonson to reply to it in the introduction and cut off further suggestions of the kind.  It was not written as one would expect shortly after Shakspere&#039;s demise.  It was written in 1622, as an entree to the publication strategy.  Occam&#039;s razor is a principle that applies once you have the facts, not before.

So I have to take exception to the charge that I am believing what I will.  Belief in this area develops from an examination of what actually happened, and one&#039;s point of view changes in accordance with reliable additions to the known facts.

For instance in the dedications, Digges&#039;s verses to the author posits posterity&#039;s aversion to new writing &quot;That is not Shake-speare&#039;s every line,&quot;  This was specifically printed with a hyphen, a give-away to readers of the time that the name was pseudonymous as with &#039;Venus and Adonis and &#039;The Rape of Lucrece&#039;.  Oxford was referred to as the author of these works quite early and the Shake-speare moniker followed Sidney&#039;s writing pointedly about Oxford&#039;s &quot;shaking of his staffe&quot;.  Gabriel Harvey had referred to &quot;Thy countenance shakes a spear at ignorance,&quot; when extolling Oxford ten years before.&quot;

The referenced &quot;well-known poem in English&quot;, i.e., Jonson&#039;s introductory verse to the First Folio, does nothing to support the authorship of the Shakespeare canon by Shakspere.  Decoded with the Cardano Grille, it says something very different.  There was a reason so cryptic a poem should introduce the greatest work of literature since Dante.  If interested, refer to chapter one of a recent book, &#039;Proving Shakespeare in Ben Jonson&#039;s Own Words&#039; by David L. Roper.  Both the poem and the Latin distich are cryptologically solved--the message given uniquely, consistently, and unambiguously.  

Finally, the dismissal of my statement about the integrity of writer and work.  If the reader does not see at least hints of the life and soul of a great author--not talking here of amusement literature--then he is not reading the work.  Creator and creation are one.   In this case, the two were separated at an early point, that the work could be perpetuated at all.  As Roper once explained: &quot;...Of course, this concealment has extended through the ages, proliferated over time, and become the inherited paradigm for every succeeding generation.&quot;

Many have labored to correct the wrong and their scholarship is generally very good, far better than the doctrinal and evidence-less orthodoxy dominating this politically and economically explosive area of knowledge.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In reply to the previous statement, you are simply engaging the contradictions inherent in the apparent honoring of a person whose life and effects gave no evidence of writing anything and whose death went unremarked.  Quite a post facto background had to be manufactured to prop up a name.  All the writers were friends of Jonson. </p>
<p>Basse&#8217;s poem was published before the First Folio introduction, so as to allow Jonson to reply to it in the introduction and cut off further suggestions of the kind.  It was not written as one would expect shortly after Shakspere&#8217;s demise.  It was written in 1622, as an entree to the publication strategy.  Occam&#8217;s razor is a principle that applies once you have the facts, not before.</p>
<p>So I have to take exception to the charge that I am believing what I will.  Belief in this area develops from an examination of what actually happened, and one&#8217;s point of view changes in accordance with reliable additions to the known facts.</p>
<p>For instance in the dedications, Digges&#8217;s verses to the author posits posterity&#8217;s aversion to new writing &#8220;That is not Shake-speare&#8217;s every line,&#8221;  This was specifically printed with a hyphen, a give-away to readers of the time that the name was pseudonymous as with &#8216;Venus and Adonis and &#8216;The Rape of Lucrece&#8217;.  Oxford was referred to as the author of these works quite early and the Shake-speare moniker followed Sidney&#8217;s writing pointedly about Oxford&#8217;s &#8220;shaking of his staffe&#8221;.  Gabriel Harvey had referred to &#8220;Thy countenance shakes a spear at ignorance,&#8221; when extolling Oxford ten years before.&#8221;</p>
<p>The referenced &#8220;well-known poem in English&#8221;, i.e., Jonson&#8217;s introductory verse to the First Folio, does nothing to support the authorship of the Shakespeare canon by Shakspere.  Decoded with the Cardano Grille, it says something very different.  There was a reason so cryptic a poem should introduce the greatest work of literature since Dante.  If interested, refer to chapter one of a recent book, &#8216;Proving Shakespeare in Ben Jonson&#8217;s Own Words&#8217; by David L. Roper.  Both the poem and the Latin distich are cryptologically solved&#8211;the message given uniquely, consistently, and unambiguously.  </p>
<p>Finally, the dismissal of my statement about the integrity of writer and work.  If the reader does not see at least hints of the life and soul of a great author&#8211;not talking here of amusement literature&#8211;then he is not reading the work.  Creator and creation are one.   In this case, the two were separated at an early point, that the work could be perpetuated at all.  As Roper once explained: &#8220;&#8230;Of course, this concealment has extended through the ages, proliferated over time, and become the inherited paradigm for every succeeding generation.&#8221;</p>
<p>Many have labored to correct the wrong and their scholarship is generally very good, far better than the doctrinal and evidence-less orthodoxy dominating this politically and economically explosive area of knowledge.</p>
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		<title>By: Hal Sherman</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3752</link>
		<dc:creator>Hal Sherman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2009 20:52:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3752</guid>
		<description>Well, a quick look at the website shows two tributes that clearly refer to Shakespeare from Stratford:

William Basse wrote a poem entitled &quot;On Mr. Wm. Shakespeare, he died in April 1616&quot; (thus he was very clearly referring to the Stratford Shakespeare). Basse was suggesting that Shakespeare should have been buried in Westminster Abbey next to Chaucer, Beaumont, and Spenser (Chambers, II, 226)

So far, I&#039;ve heard nothing that convinces me that Occam&#039;s Razor should not apply to Oxfordian reasoning, and unexamined assumptions like &quot;We cannot really appreciate a body of artistic work if at one and the same time we ignore its creator’s suffering and soul.&quot; don&#039;t impress me.

But, it&#039;s a free country, so believe what you will. 

The monument to Shakespeare in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford was in place at least by the time of the First Folio in 1623, since Leonard Digges refers to it in his poem in that volume (see below). On the front of the monument is a two-line Latin inscription: 



This is followed by the well-known poem in English: 

Stay passenger, why goest thou by so fast?
Read if thou canst, whom envious death hath placed,
With in this monument Shakspeare: with whom
Quick nature died: whose name doth deck the tomb,
Far more than cost: sith all, that he hath writ,
Leaves living art, but page, to serve his wit.

                                Obiit anno do. 1616
                                Aetatis 53 die 23 Apr.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, a quick look at the website shows two tributes that clearly refer to Shakespeare from Stratford:</p>
<p>William Basse wrote a poem entitled &#8220;On Mr. Wm. Shakespeare, he died in April 1616&#8243; (thus he was very clearly referring to the Stratford Shakespeare). Basse was suggesting that Shakespeare should have been buried in Westminster Abbey next to Chaucer, Beaumont, and Spenser (Chambers, II, 226)</p>
<p>So far, I&#8217;ve heard nothing that convinces me that Occam&#8217;s Razor should not apply to Oxfordian reasoning, and unexamined assumptions like &#8220;We cannot really appreciate a body of artistic work if at one and the same time we ignore its creator’s suffering and soul.&#8221; don&#8217;t impress me.</p>
<p>But, it&#8217;s a free country, so believe what you will. </p>
<p>The monument to Shakespeare in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford was in place at least by the time of the First Folio in 1623, since Leonard Digges refers to it in his poem in that volume (see below). On the front of the monument is a two-line Latin inscription: </p>
<p>This is followed by the well-known poem in English: </p>
<p>Stay passenger, why goest thou by so fast?<br />
Read if thou canst, whom envious death hath placed,<br />
With in this monument Shakspeare: with whom<br />
Quick nature died: whose name doth deck the tomb,<br />
Far more than cost: sith all, that he hath writ,<br />
Leaves living art, but page, to serve his wit.</p>
<p>                                Obiit anno do. 1616<br />
                                Aetatis 53 die 23 Apr.</p>
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		<title>By: William Ray</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3749</link>
		<dc:creator>William Ray</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:02:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3749</guid>
		<description>Thank you.  The tributes are indeed interesting, for the fact that they have to do loftily with the author and never the man.  The panegyric suggesting Shakspere be buried near Beaumont and Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is interesting to me in that Jonson, the greatest visible admirer and proponent of &quot;Shakespeare&quot; strenuously objected to the idea.  If Shakspere&#039;s body, in an unmarked grave then, would somehow be found and exhumed, to be re-moved to the Poet&#039;s Corner, the certainty  of the true author&#039;s deliverance into recognition in a later era would have been severely confused and compromised.

Rather than go into this issue in detail, I recommend  Chapter 8 of David L. Roper&#039;s &#039;Proving Shakespeare&#039;: The First Folio&#039;s Deceptive Tributes.  He discusses it well.

As a brief argument  explaining why Shakspere was strangely not honored within the literary community after his demise in 1616: it was known who he was and what his role was in English literature.  towit compare that response with one occurring after his fellow townsman died.  A few months before Shakspere&#039;s death, Francis Beaumont, a far lesser light than &quot;Shake-speare&quot;, was profusely memorialized in London and buried in Westminster Abbey.  He was born in Stratford-Upon-Avon.  This was about what you would expect.  However, neither in Stratford nor in London, nor anywhere else, was Shakspere similarly noted when he died.  That event passed without notice.  

Nor was Oxford extensively honored by the literary community at his death, though there were considerable recondite tributes without mentioning the connection with his (pseudonymous) works.  That would have called attention to someone deeply embarrassing and threatening to the Robert Cecil power base and have been an explicit danger to the writers.  There were reasons of class as well to suppress the name of the actual author of such works as Richard the Third, a condemnation of Cecil. 

Only indirectly, but unmistakably, was Oxford honored, when six months later a group of  &quot;Shakespeare&quot; plays were played at James&#039;s court.  The gesture was repeated when his wife died.  Such a tribute has never occurred either before or since for any other literary figure.

I know what you mean about &quot;tributes to Shakespeare&quot;, but the surface is not the truth in this case.  Whether or not it sounds like &quot;conspiracy thinking&quot;, the contradictions are too great for a position supporting the attribution of the works of  &quot;Shakespeare&quot; to the Stratford figure.  The truth is elsewhere, and there are virtually no gaps in the circumstantial, linguistic, biographical, and stylistic theory supporting the earl of Oxford.  To virtually every doubt I have supplied a reasonable response based on available sources and evidence.  I recommend you give the inquiry some thought.  We cannot really appreciate a body of artistic work if at one and the same time we ignore its creator&#039;s suffering and soul.   The correction of authorship may be embarrassing to certain political, educational, and economic powers, but at this point, we should be able to say, okay  it was a mistake all along, so what.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thank you.  The tributes are indeed interesting, for the fact that they have to do loftily with the author and never the man.  The panegyric suggesting Shakspere be buried near Beaumont and Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is interesting to me in that Jonson, the greatest visible admirer and proponent of &#8220;Shakespeare&#8221; strenuously objected to the idea.  If Shakspere&#8217;s body, in an unmarked grave then, would somehow be found and exhumed, to be re-moved to the Poet&#8217;s Corner, the certainty  of the true author&#8217;s deliverance into recognition in a later era would have been severely confused and compromised.</p>
<p>Rather than go into this issue in detail, I recommend  Chapter 8 of David L. Roper&#8217;s &#8216;Proving Shakespeare&#8217;: The First Folio&#8217;s Deceptive Tributes.  He discusses it well.</p>
<p>As a brief argument  explaining why Shakspere was strangely not honored within the literary community after his demise in 1616: it was known who he was and what his role was in English literature.  towit compare that response with one occurring after his fellow townsman died.  A few months before Shakspere&#8217;s death, Francis Beaumont, a far lesser light than &#8220;Shake-speare&#8221;, was profusely memorialized in London and buried in Westminster Abbey.  He was born in Stratford-Upon-Avon.  This was about what you would expect.  However, neither in Stratford nor in London, nor anywhere else, was Shakspere similarly noted when he died.  That event passed without notice.  </p>
<p>Nor was Oxford extensively honored by the literary community at his death, though there were considerable recondite tributes without mentioning the connection with his (pseudonymous) works.  That would have called attention to someone deeply embarrassing and threatening to the Robert Cecil power base and have been an explicit danger to the writers.  There were reasons of class as well to suppress the name of the actual author of such works as Richard the Third, a condemnation of Cecil. </p>
<p>Only indirectly, but unmistakably, was Oxford honored, when six months later a group of  &#8220;Shakespeare&#8221; plays were played at James&#8217;s court.  The gesture was repeated when his wife died.  Such a tribute has never occurred either before or since for any other literary figure.</p>
<p>I know what you mean about &#8220;tributes to Shakespeare&#8221;, but the surface is not the truth in this case.  Whether or not it sounds like &#8220;conspiracy thinking&#8221;, the contradictions are too great for a position supporting the attribution of the works of  &#8220;Shakespeare&#8221; to the Stratford figure.  The truth is elsewhere, and there are virtually no gaps in the circumstantial, linguistic, biographical, and stylistic theory supporting the earl of Oxford.  To virtually every doubt I have supplied a reasonable response based on available sources and evidence.  I recommend you give the inquiry some thought.  We cannot really appreciate a body of artistic work if at one and the same time we ignore its creator&#8217;s suffering and soul.   The correction of authorship may be embarrassing to certain political, educational, and economic powers, but at this point, we should be able to say, okay  it was a mistake all along, so what.</p>
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		<title>By: Hal Sherman</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3737</link>
		<dc:creator>Hal Sherman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2009 19:10:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3737</guid>
		<description>There&#039;s a lot of interesting things about tributes to the man from Stratford on this website, since you raise the issue:

http://shakespeareauthorship.com/eulogies.html</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There&#8217;s a lot of interesting things about tributes to the man from Stratford on this website, since you raise the issue:</p>
<p><a href="http://shakespeareauthorship.com/eulogies.html" rel="nofollow">http://shakespeareauthorship.com/eulogies.html</a></p>
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		<title>By: William Ray</title>
		<link>http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/08/shakespeare-interrupted/comment-page-2/#comment-3717</link>
		<dc:creator>William Ray</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2009 00:48:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.michaelshermer.com/?p=918#comment-3717</guid>
		<description>Totally appropriate question.  Sidney, while not a commoner, was not a nobleman.  Oxford was considered the highest nobleman of England, because his line was longest, back to William the Conquerer&#039;s sister.  After his youth he published just three poems over his name.

The bulk of Sidney&#039;s writing came out after he died, produced by his sister Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, who was herself a major force in the English Renaissance.  This was the protocol in the aristocracy--Henry Howard&#039;s poetry for instance, the originator of free verse and, with Wyatt, the form that Oxford, Howard&#039;s nephew, would make into what is called the Shakespearean sonnet.  Mary Herbert later became related to Oxford, through Philip Herbert&#039;s marriage to Oxford&#039;s daughter Susan.  Susan was a favorite of James I, who attended their wedding--where Midsummer Night&#039;s Dream was performed--and he proclaimed the eight play gala of &quot;Shakespearean&quot; dramas to honor her father in 1605.  There was another such tribute, in 1612, after Oxford&#039;s wife died, fourteen Shakespearean plays.  When Shakspere died was there a comparable tribute, or any at all?  You already guessed that one.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Totally appropriate question.  Sidney, while not a commoner, was not a nobleman.  Oxford was considered the highest nobleman of England, because his line was longest, back to William the Conquerer&#8217;s sister.  After his youth he published just three poems over his name.</p>
<p>The bulk of Sidney&#8217;s writing came out after he died, produced by his sister Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, who was herself a major force in the English Renaissance.  This was the protocol in the aristocracy&#8211;Henry Howard&#8217;s poetry for instance, the originator of free verse and, with Wyatt, the form that Oxford, Howard&#8217;s nephew, would make into what is called the Shakespearean sonnet.  Mary Herbert later became related to Oxford, through Philip Herbert&#8217;s marriage to Oxford&#8217;s daughter Susan.  Susan was a favorite of James I, who attended their wedding&#8211;where Midsummer Night&#8217;s Dream was performed&#8211;and he proclaimed the eight play gala of &#8220;Shakespearean&#8221; dramas to honor her father in 1605.  There was another such tribute, in 1612, after Oxford&#8217;s wife died, fourteen Shakespearean plays.  When Shakspere died was there a comparable tribute, or any at all?  You already guessed that one.</p>
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